For years scholars (including many from Penn!) have reminded us that print and manuscript cultures are far from exclusive. Printed forms with handwritten additions, handwritten diaries within printed borders, printed books interleaved with as much manuscript as printed text, are just some examples of this inter-mixing. Despite this knowledge though, I’m always delighted to find print nesting within what we tend to describe as manuscript and vice versa. I was browsing through one of our eighteenth-century manuscript commonplace books (UPenn Ms. Codex 782) a few months ago trying to identify the text when I noticed several printed pieces pasted onto the endpapers and rear board of the manuscript. I snapped some pictures and moved on. Later, looking back at the picture and reading the text, I realized we had two remarkable and unique pieces of print.
The first of these is a handy guide to arithmetic and weights and measures engraved by William Chinnery in 1744 [1]. It was “design’d to be bind up with Cyphering Books” to assist a scribe with difficult calculations and to serve as a reference. Given the dual content of this manuscript book, primarily a copied text of the Philosophical Transactions but with accounting leaves excised at the end, it’s possible that it was sold with the printed Chinnery sheet already pasted in.
An unrecorded engraved sheet doesn’t come around every day but I found myself even more fascinated by the second set of printed inclusions pasted in the manuscript. What first appeared as newspaper clippings turned out to be a typefounder’s advertisement or specimen. In the age of digital fonts and typesetting we often take for granted what a big deal a new type design could be in the hand-press era. In other words, type had to be physically created and designed mould by mould.
This particular type specimen comes from the type founder Joseph Jackson (1733-1792) who was especially known for his development of new typefaces to print Persian and Devanagari scripts, reflecting the growing interest in disseminating works in those languages from the British territories in South Asia.
The specimen pasted into the manuscript here at Penn, though not of one of Jackson’s South Asian types is not in James Mosley’s list of British type specimens and is otherwise unknown.
The specimen appears to be an advertisement for Jackson’s new Scriptorial type which we might identify as cursive. It dates from sometime after 1773 as we know in that year, Jackson advertised that his “Scriptorial Doub. pic.” was “Nearly finished” [2]. Likewise a contemporary observer notes in 1778 that “Mr Cottrel and Mr Jackson are both cutting new founts resembling the common round-hand of the English writing-schools” [3].
[1] The colophon reads “W. Chinnery Sculpt. Publish’d according to Act of Parliament, Septr the 2d 1744 by R. Forrest. Price 6d.” We also know Chinnery (1708-1791) from the engraving he did for a 1750 writing manual (ESTC T118619).
[3] Mores, p.32. When Jackson died in 1792 his type went to William Caslon who however seems to have advertised a different double pica script in 1798, see A Specimen of Printing Types by Wm Caslon (London, 1798), p.127 (ESTC N21767):
[4] For more on English writing manuals and engraved penmanship examples see Simran Thadani, Penmanship in Print: English Copy-Books and their Makers, 1570-1763 (Ph.D. Diss. University of Pennsylvania Department of English, 2013).
Unique at Penn 